Essay On Hedging Student Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2357 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Hedge funds have grown and deepen their roots in the recent years. At present trillions of dollars of assets are controlled by hedge funds. what happens in the hedge funds market in a matter of concern for every American. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Essay On Hedging Student Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In the period of 1998-2008 the amount of hedge funds has increased dramatically. A firm in Chicago said the funds exploded from $374 billions to almost $2 trillion in a hedge fund research. Flushing with money, hedge funds gained enormous air of mystery and soon became the hottest talk about thing on Wall Street. The financial distress gave rise to the increasing hedging practice. Because the markets have become so uncertain that every investor wants to have a safe net so that he doesnt lose out his money. Most of the studies carried out in hedge funds are based on two dimensions, the companies who hedge and the companies who dont. Not every company uses derivatives and not every company hedges and there are some who dont prefer disclosing the amount of hedging practice in papers available to the public. Of late empirical evidences have in a way supported the usage of currency borrowings to be a hedge management tool. What is Hedging? A hedge is a risk management strategy, an arbitrage situation to minimize the loss from fluctuations in the prices of commodities, currencies or securities. It can be said that hedging is like buying an insurance policy to transfer the risk. Moreover, hedging is like a bet in the gambling sense, where you put another bet in addition to minimize the risk of the unsettled bet. The daily nuance of this practice is to gain a protection against the possible unfavorable outcome. It normally takes into consideration equal and opposite situations in a market, such as cash and future markets as an example. In easier words, you will leave early to catch a train. Here, you are hedging a bet to board the train on time. Financial hedges are undertaken to reduce or eliminate the risk of a transaction already taken or an outstanding transaction to be on a safer side. What are the driving factors of hedging for both financial and non-financial firms? As we know, all the businesses these days have become international businesses. Hence, the fluctuations in currency are unavoidable. It affects the cash flow, profitability and asset /liabilities positions. All the firms are involved in import and export activities. And the major risk here arises is the currency exchange risk. A company might be earning in Dollars but will be paying for the costs in some other currency. These values change every day. They are highly volatile, escalating and declining dramatically. Hedge is normally related to financial firms like, traders, banks, investment institutions who are exposed to currency risk or speculative businesses. Practically, there is no way any business can be completely immune from the above mentioned risks. And as a risk management practice, the firms make provisions and hire professionals to carry out hedging so as to safeguard their investments. At present, the hedging market is a flippantly regulated group of investment vehicles of similar characteristics. Lately, non-financial firms too have started hedging owing to the fluctuations we just talked about. And in addition there are several benefits as mentioned below: Tax benefits Be it a small or a large firm in the countries where the tax structure is just the opposite to the concave tax structure, then these firms can decrease the tax liability by hedging. Smith and Stulz(1985) showed that the volatility is costly for firms with convex effective tax functions. Like in Canada, they have a statutory progressive tax structure for individuals and to limited corporate firms. Lets take an example, if a firm is expecting a loss of $200000 or earn $200000 and tax rate being 30%. Thus, the firm will have to pay $30000 as taxes even though the expected income is zero, without hedging. Here, we have ignored the tax code like the ability to carry forward losses which reduces the tax convexity and provides with a tax incentive to hedge. It has been found in previous studies; the greater the convexity the greater will be the tax benefits. And the tax function is convex when the marginal rate increases. Graham and smith (1999) have said that existing NOLs(net operating lo ss) provide a disincentive to hedge firms expecting a loss but will offer incentive to hedge for profit expecting firms. Boosting debt capacity If we go through the theories of Stulz(1996) , Ross(1947) and Leland(1998) we get to know that by reducing the volatility of income and/or reducing the probability of financial distress, hedging increases debt capacity and which in return also provides to be a tax incentive to hedge. Leland(1998) in his presidential address to American Finance Association had made clear two things as quoted by him the principal gain comes from the fact that lower leverage volatility allows higher leverage with consequently higher tax benefits and a secondary hedging gain comes from lower expected default rates and distress costs, consequential from unused debt capacity. There have been arguments which suggested that tax shield from increased leverage is of more importance than reducing expected distress cost. Financial distress remedy Dolde(1995), Berkman Bradbury(1996), Haushsalter(1998), Gay and Nam(1999), Howton and perfect(1999) and Graham and Rogers(2002) use the debt ratio to measure expected costs of financial distress and found that higher hedging is observed with increasing debt ratios. Volatility will reduce the firm value if the financial distress is sumptuous. Most researches have suggested that the relation between greater expected financial cost give a rise to hedging which presumes that higher debt capacity faces higher financial distress. What hedging/leverage casualty can do is; hedging may increase debt capacity, but higher leverage can boost up the incentive to hedge. In empirical researches it has been found that the relation between costs of financial distress and hedging are positively correlated with the probability of a firm in financial distress will hedge. Due to the huge cost of bankruptcy, in inevitable for firms to hedge themselves against the huge risks they are exposed to which will lead to a lot of financial distress. Normally these risks are closely relevant to the firms fixed commitments and interest expenses. Agency problems When the decision to hedge is contractive, hedging helps in eliminating the agency problem by diminishing both the risk premium and the equilibrium amount of earnings management. Although hedging does not always solve the problem and instead allowing earnings management is preferable but it does help some firms. The main reason behind it being that if they change the structure of earnings management it might lead to inefficiency. So it has both the pros and cons. Although, with an increased hedge option, the principal may achieve efficiency by stringently forbidding the earnings management, since the cost to eliminate dead-weight loss from earnings management can be lowered significantly by hedging. Restricting shareholder and bondholder interest Shareholders bear the entire cost of investment and hence would expect the investments to be nurturing but the returns accrue towards the debt holders as well such as shareholders will be worse off. Bessembinder(1999) has once argued that as hedging reduces the profitability in situations of financial distress it proficiently moves individual future states from default to non default results. Hedging firm may promise to obligations in conditions where it wouldnt have been able to negotiate contracts with regards to lower borrowing costs otherwise. Inconsistency in investments will be unfavourable, to an extent of diminishing marginal returns to investment. In current asymmetries the cost of marginal funds will increase with increase in funds. And if they available funds run short, the need will met by borrowing from outside institutions and which will result into decreased investment. This will have a negative impact on the npv and the firm value as a whole. Here, the hedging techniq ue may come out as a good idea to manage the internal funds,provding a safe net on the fluctuations and the firm does not have to spend on borrowing from external sources and thus improve the firm value and the net present value. Thus, a firm with higher level of debts, will undertake a hedging programme, if their growth value is highly affected by the value of the firm. Improving managers wealth portfolio If the variability of their compensation is related to the volatility of corporate incomes and cash flows having a convex utility of function then, corporate volatility can be costly (stulz(1984). The Within the hedge fund industry it is the skill of the manager (alpha), rather than the performance of a market or asset class (beta), that should principally determine how well they perform. As quoted in a publishing by the National Association of Pension Funds Limited 2009. The infamous 2 and 20 formula of compensation has gained a lot of majority and appreciation in hedge funds currently in operation. It means that a hedge fund manager receives 2% of assets and 20% of profits each year out of the hedge funds operating agreement. In short, if they lose the money, at least a guarantee 2% return with negligible problems will be given. Hence, we can say that a manager earning 1 billion pound may take home 20 million pound by just investing the companys funds in the bank. Its very obvious that with such returns, the client may defect before long and is in the best interest of the fund manager to boost up his returns. Firms facing currency exchange risk As almost all the firms these days are engaged in import and exports. There is not just one currency they are dealing with. They might be producing their product in dollars or yen but the remuneration is in different currencies with different exchange rates which fluctuate every day. In such a scenario, its very difficult to maintain the cash flows and the investments and the accounting of the same. Any company wouldnt like to risk their funds and profits to an uncertain market. So they buy forieng currency derivatives and hedge them. So that they dont lose out their profits. It is practically unavoidable for any international firm to not hedge. There are different risks which come as a package with currency exchange risk. The firm is operating in a different currency country, exporting in a different currency, outsourcing the managerial work to another country. The whole world has become a market but the currency is not universal. The financial firms deal with different currencies. They deal in commercial papers, loans, borrowings, equity, bonds etc. So they are ought to hedge no matter what as a risk management practice. But the firms who in a way have the same need to hedge like these firms also jump into the world of hedge funds. The cost of hedging is no less. But the cost is comparatively less than the risk exposure. Hedging is a necessity of small and medium firms, big companies have a bigger risk appetite. They will be able to raise funds and reinvest and recover their losses which is not the case with small firms. Hedging has other benefits too like they make the financial statements and more detailed and revealing to the investors and stakeholders which might improve the firms value in the market. Any investor would prefer a company who is making provisions for future uncertainties and not just presuming things to go their way when it comes to exchange rate. If a firm is ready to face their risks by taking prior precautions then it can concentrate on its main aim of profit earning and growth. In 1999, Mian studied the annual reports of 3002 companies in 1992 and found that 771 companies did some risk hedging in the course in that year. And out of these 543 firms disclosed their hedging activities in the financial statements and 228 mentioned the use of hedging as a risk management strategy but didnt disclose the details about the extent of hedging. Larger firms were hedging more as compared to smaller firms, because it was relevantly less costlier due to the economies of scale. In 1996, Tufano made several interesting observations: Almost 85% of the industries hedged gold price risk between 1990-1993. UK firms have a better incentive than the US counterparts ? US firms basically hedge currency exchange risk and commodity risk more than any other risk. George soros rose to fame and fortune when the British pound was going through a rough phase. Hedge fund managers are now looking for ways to earn out of the financial distress in the European countries. it is unlikely in Europe, because the way Europe works is incremental crisis, incremental recovery, London-based Robert Marquardt, founder of funds of hedge funds Signet said. The Euro went down to 3.3% percent against the US dollar this year. Brynjolfsson and several other US money managers trying to expect a gain from European crisis say that expect a lot of winners out of Europes misery. Seeing the rise in the global transactions secondary transactions which was expected reach an aggregated value between 25 euro billion to 30 euro billion, was true. As compared to 20 million euros in 2010 and 25 euros in 2011 it seems Europe will continue to host the bulk of secondary transactions. The pro minent Uk and French markets have continued to fuelled in by the Banks and Insurance companies, whereas public pension funds represent the largest category of sellers in US, says Nicolas Lanel, managin director and head of European secondary market advisory at UBS. Marleen Groen, CEO and founder of Greenpark Capital, agreed: Many pension funds are also waiting for further clarity on the implications of the occupational pension funds directive upon their private equity holding. She adds that funds fear renewed recessions in some European countries. The dominance of the EU in the management of speculative funds is seen to be irresistible. although the dominance will have to be put into a viewpoint: British represent $212 bn compared with a total of $1000 bn for funds locared in the US making the London hedge fund market no more than a Trojan horse for the US hedge funds.

Essay about Silkscreen Printing - 1170 Words

Pablo Picasso, a painter from the 19th century once said; â€Å"Action is the foundational key to all success.† (BrainyQuote.com). During the Song Dynasty (960-1269 A.D.) the early Chinese took action when they discovered that through the use of pre-formed stencils they could create much desired patterns and designs on material and entire other countries to trade other products for their highly desired textiles. Originally introduced in America in the 1930s, this type of printing has become diversified and more popular over the years. The artistry behind silk- screening has evolved and today’s services offer a variety of techniques that are sure to meet the needs of any company wanting to produce a quality product. However, the†¦show more content†¦Again, the basis of silkscreen industry is still, as it has always been, essentially a home industry. Any space at home can be temporarily converted to a silkscreen studio. Very little space is required. Silkscreens are thought to be more artistic than commercial printing, as they are done mostly by hand. Printing companies often still use the silkscreen process to make signage and banners for other business. It can be used to print on a wide variety of substrates such as paper, plastics, glass, metals, fabrics, and many other materials of any shape, thickness and size. It is also used in transferring images for smaller, commercial specifications and in the reproduction of artistic pieces. The most popular uses for this type of print method are in placing graphics and wording and transferring images on clothing, glass, ceramics, some paper, and even metals and woods. Silkscreen printing today is widely used to create large batch produced graphics on ceramics and wood. Artists have been using the process since the early – 1930s (Christianet.com). Silk-screening has many other uses in addition to its suitability as a fine-arts medium. Posters, greeting cards, wallpaper, wrapping paper, fabrics, bumper stickers, labels, ceramic tiles, and electronic circuits can be all printed with this same process (â€Å"Silkscreening† page 15). The advantage of silkscreen printing is the low cost even for huge sizes. In this technique,Show MoreRelatedThe, Sitting Bull, By Andy Warhol Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesAndy Warhol’s 2-D silkscreen print, Sitting Bull, is a very popular and controversial print from his series Cowboys and Indians. The print is representational, based on an original archival photo of the Sioux Chief, Sitting Bull. In the original photograph and print, the Chief is posing for a headshot photo, with a calm facial expression and stance. 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Twelfth Night Analysis Of Fools Essay Example For Students

Twelfth Night Analysis Of Fools Essay A fool can be defined in many meanings according to theOxford English Dictionary On Historical Principles. The wordcould mean a silly person, or one who professionallycounterfeits folly for the entertainment of others, a jester,clown or one who has little or no reason or intellect orone who is made to appear to be a fool (word originated fromNorth Frisian). In english literature, the two main ways whichthe fool could enter imaginative literature is that He couldprovide a topic, a theme for mediation, or he could turn into astock character on the stage, a stylized comic figure. InWilliam Shakespeares comedy, Twelfth Night, Feste the clown isnot the only fool who is subject to foolery. He and many othercharacters combine their silly acts and wits to invade othercharacters that evade reality or rather realize a dream, whileour sympathies go out to those. It is natural that the foolshould be a prominent attractive figure and make an importantcontribution to the action in forming the con fusion and thehumor in an Elizabethan drama. In Twelfth Night, the clown andthe fools are the ones who combine humor ; wit to make the comedywork. Clowns, jesters, and Buffoons are usually regarded as fools. Their differences could be of how they dress, act or portrayed insociety. A clown for example, was understood to be a country bumpkin or cloun'. In Elizabethan usage, the word clown isambiguous meaning both countryman and principal comedian. Another meaning given to it in the 1600 is a fool or jester. As for a buffoon, it is defined as a man whose profession is tomake low jests and antics postures; a clown, jester, fool. The buffoon is a fool because although he exploits his ownweaknesses instead of being exploited by others.he resemblesother comic fools. This is similar to the definition of aJester who is also known as a buffoon, or a merry andrew. Onemaintained in a princes court or noblemans household. Asyou can see, the buffoon, jester and the clown are all depictedas fools and are related ; tied to each other in some sort ofway. They relatively have the same objectives in their roles butin appearance wise (clothes, physical features) they may bedifferent. In Shakespeares Twelfth Night, Festes role in thisIllyrian comedy is significant because Illyria is a countrypermeated with the spirit of the Feast of Fools, where identitiesare confused, uncivil rule applaudedand no harm is done. In Illyria therefore the fool is not so much a critic of hisenvironment as a ringleader, a merry-companion, a Lord ofMisrule. Being equally welcome above and below stairs.. makesFeste significant as a character.In Twelfth Night, Feste playsthe role of a humble clown employed by Olivias father playingthe licensed fool of their household. We learn this in Oliviasstatement stating that Feste is an allowed fool(I.v.93) meaninghe is licensed, privileged critic to speak the truth of the people around him. We also learn in a statement by Curio to theDuke that Feste is employed by Olivias father. Feste thejester a fool that the Lady Olivias father took much pleasurein(II.iv.11). Feste is more of the comic truth of the comedy. Although hedoes not make any profound remarks, he seems to be the wisestperson within all the characters in the comedy. Viola remarksthis by saying This fellows wise enough to play thefool(III.i.61). Since Feste is a licensed fool, his main rolein Twelfth Night is to speak the truth. This is where the humorlies, his truthfulness. In one example he proves Olivia to be atrue fool by asking her what she was mourning about. The pointFeste tried to make was why was Olivia mourning for a personwhos soul is in heaven? CLOWNGood madonna, why mournst thou?OLIVIA Good Fool, for my brothers death. .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .postImageUrl , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:hover , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:visited , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:active { border:0!important; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:active , .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7841cad97f364a0ecde86f7b0e106d3a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Euthanasia In The United States Essay CLOWNI think his soul is in hell, madonna. OLIVIA I know his soul is in heaven, fool. CLOWNThe more fool, madonna, to mourn for yourbrothers soul, being in heaven. Take away the fool,gentlemen. Adding to the humor of the comedy, Feste, dresses up as Sir Topaz, the curate and visits the imprisoned Malvolio with Maria and Sir Toby. There he uses his humor to abuse Malvolio who is still unaware that he is actually talking to the clown than to the real Sir Topas. Feste (disguised as Sir Topaz) calls Malvolio a lunatic (IV.ii.23), satan(IV.ii.32) and confuses him by wittingly making him a fool. Throughout the play, Malvolio has always been the person whointentionally spoils the pleasure of other people(killjoy). He is Festes worst nightmare in the play, but in the end is triumphed over by Feste completely and is the only character to show a negative attitude and a dignity reversed. MALVOLIO: Ill be revenged on the whole pack of you! (V.i.378) At the end of the comedy, Feste, is given the last word and is left in possession of the stage. Maria, Olivias companion is another person who seems enthusiastic in playing pranks on other people. In Twelfth Night, she plays the unsuspecting role of a behind the scene fool who gives ideas to Feste, Sir Andrew ; Sir Toby to assist her in her plans. In two incidents, she remains quiet while her plans are carried out by either the Knights or the Clown.Part of the humor that lies in this comedy is that Marias pranks are harsh cruel, using love and power (status of Olivia)to attack Malvolio, steward of Olivia, who is .sick of self love(I.v.90). For this, Malvolios greed for power ends himself locked up in a dark cell and is accused of being mad. She also prepares Feste to disguise as Sir Topaz. This is seen in the quote: Nay,I prithee put on this gown and this beard; make him believe thou are Sir Topas the curate; do it quickly. Ill call Sir Toby the whilst. (IV.ii.1,2,3) Combined with otherfools, Maria helps make Twelfth Night a hilariously funny comedy. Lastly, Sir Toby Belch is another fool in Twelfth Night. His role is helping on the game of make-believe. Always convincing ; encouraging the rich Sir Andrew Aguecheek that he has a chance of winning Lady Olivias love. He is similar to Feste, except he plays the role of a knight and is Olivias kinsman. His role is similar to a fool because he depicts many pranks of a fool. For example in Act II scene iii, while he was drunk he sings along with Feste when Malvolio barges in to shut them up. Whenever there is a prank, Maria invites Sir Toby toparticipate. One such prank was to assist Marias fake letter to make Malvolio think Olivia is in love with him. Sir Tobys make-believe scheme works convincingly on Malvolio. Another prank was to accompany the disguised Feste (Sir Topaz) into the dark cell where Malvolio was imprisoned.This accompaniment was probably to assure Malvolio that the real Sir Topaz is visiting him. Yet it is another make-believe schemeof Sir Toby. In Twelfth Night, the f ools are the ones that control the comedy and humor in the play. They assist in the make believe game and fool around with characters who evade reality or ratherrealize a dream. In Twelfth Night, Feste, Maria and Sir Toby are the fools that make the comedy work in many senses. They create the confusion through humor and it all works out in the end to make William Shakespeares Twelfth Night a really funny Elizabethan play.

Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering free essay sample

There are many benefits of genetic engineering, but there are many risks too. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of a cell, organism, or population. Basically, scientists take DNA of one product and put it into another product to get a mixture of traits from both products. It’s like breeding different breeds of dogs to get a certain look or personality. Some people don’t mind what goes into genetically altered foods, while others feel uncomfortable with the idea of eating any of it. The effects that genetic engineering has on the environment, living organisms and the product being engineered have been widely talked about up until the last few years where the amount of discussion going on about this topic has dropped immensely. For this reason this paper contains older information that I find to still be a valid outlook on what genetic engineering has in store for us. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As with many other topics of debate, there are two big sides to the controversy of genetically engineered foods: people who believe they are unsafe, and those who think they cause no harm. Many people believe that eating genetically altered foods is â€Å"unnatural† and dangerous. If the product was not originally meant to have a different gene in it, then it shouldn’t have it now. One fear about genetic engineered crops is that growing them will get out of hand. While federal rules require farmers to plant a certain percentage of non-genetically engineered corn alongside any pest-resistant corn, an estimated 21 percent of farmers are not following those rules (The Nation’s Health. 2010. Pg. 6). Farmers are putting too much reliability on modified crops. While so many people dislike the idea of genetically engineered foods, there hasn’t been any research that specifically states any negative effects of them. Sure, if a tomato is altered with peanut genes, it’s risky for people with peanut allergies to eat that tomato, but eating genetically altered foods hasn’t been proven to mutate one’s genes, make them sick or turn their skin weird colors. A study by a man named Arpad Pusztai claimed that some people who ate genetically modified potatoes suffered organ damage. After only 10 days of eating the wonder spud, which now produced its own pesticide, the rats suffered from damaged immune systems and organs. The pesticide wasnt the problem because rats (and humans) have been eating it in perfect safety in foods where it naturally occurs. The problem must have been due to the process of genetic engineering itself, it was the biggest shock of Dr Pusztais life. (Smith, page 74. ) However, the article, The Lanclet, that published the study also, critiqued it, stating that the experiments were incomplete, included too few animals per diet group, and lacked controls. So the conclusion that the potatoes were dangerous was not relevant. Pusztai was then sacked for publicizing research which hadnt been peer-reviewed (Wooster, 2001, pg. 1). As this article proves, even though there have been small experiments trying to prove the dangers of genetically altered foods, they are just speculations as to what could potentially be the effect of genetically altered foods. In an article about Transgenic Crops, some of the risks they listed included antibiotic resistance, allergic reactions, eating foreign DNA, and changed nutrient levels (Soil and Crop Sciences, 2004, pg. ). Can eating genetically altered foods raise the dangers of allergic reactions? Will they make our bodies more resistance to antibiotics? Can it destroy our DNA in any way? While all these questions are being studied for answers, there is no proof that the answer is â€Å"yes† to any of them. It is all speculation right now and probably will be for a long time. On the other hand, the re are many people who believe that there is nothing wrong with genetically altered foods; they can be good for us, even. Scientists are trying to use genetic altering technology to save thousands of lives. Vitamin A, which is an essential nutrient to our health, is the number one vitamin in the world that people do not get enough of. In places where there are high poverty levels, such as China and Africa, children and adults are so deficient in Vitamin A that it is the number one cause of blindness and death in many areas. White rice is the most commonly consumed product in the entire world, as it is cheap and easy to grow. Scientists think that by altering the genes of white rice to carry Vitamin A, it could significantly increase the health of thousands to millions of people all over the world. It could save lives (Williams, Doug. Speech). When I think about this, it seems like a really sensible idea. What’s wrong with making people healthier? There might be risks, we do not know what eating genetically altered food does to our bodies officially, but the benefits would outweigh those risks. There are other potential benefits to genetically altered foods that have been talked about. Benefits besides the white rice theory include oranges that replace daily multi-vitamins, potatoes with higher starch content that will not absorb fat, and soybeans ontaining insulin for the treatment of diabetes. (PR Newswire, 2009, pg. 1). For someone who has problems with taking vitamins, whether they just don’t have the time or can’t get into the habit, this could be another easy way to get those essentials. Eating food that is rich in starch but not in fat can also be appealing to many people. Starch is a tricky mineral to obtain but something that our body needs for goo d digestion. Even more, put yourself in the shoes of someone who has diabetes. Taking insulin shots everyday gets tedious and is time-consuming, and many people find the prospect of putting needles in their arms unpleasant. If there were a way to make taking insulin as easy as eating a meal, it would be a huge breakthrough. Soybeans containing insulin would make the lives of millions of people easier. Not only could genetic engineering be used on crops and plants, but animals could also be engineered for leaner meat. (Union of Concerned Scientists. 2002. â€Å"Potential Benefits of Genetic Engineering† page). Again, yes there may be other risks to this, but it’s the same thing with every medicine and antibiotic out there. There can be side effects of anything you take. Eating genetically altered foods would just be an effortless way to get the vitamins you need and for some, the medicine they need to stay alive. There are many ways to tell if a food has been genetically modified. I myself have noticed the changes that come from genetically engineering food from working on a family farm. There are a few major differences that can be noticed between natural and engineered crops. One difference is that engineered crops are generally bigger and if one compares them to naturally grown foods, they would notice that they tend to have less taste. Taste of course is all a matter of opinion, but it is noticeably less juicy and many of the genetically altered tomatoes I encountered had no seeds. Another noticeable difference of the foods is that the engineered ones have less of a rich full color, like tomatoes for instance, while a nice naturally grown tomato has a nice bright, juicy red hue to it. Yet another difference one would see in a genetically modified tomato is the size difference. A modified tomato is about two to three inches bigger in circumference. The last major difference one wouldn’t know unless they were the farmer or the buyer is that some plants are genetically engineered to have pesticides mapped onto their D. N. A so that they repel insects without needing to be sprayed. On one hand, this is an extremely useful trait. It saves the time and effort farmers put in to spraying fields, but on the other hand, it’s debatable on whether it’s healthy to do that to crops. Is it a harmless gene? Or is it as though they put the pesticide inside the plant itself, and that’s what we would be eating? Now with extra Pesticides! Doesn’t sound extremely appetizing. To me, I think the effort of perfecting a crop without the use of altering its genetic structure is good in its own way because it makes the quality of the food more than that of the engineered food. There are many things to consider when it comes to the topic of genetic engineering. It’s a topic that people talk and debate about, but that no one can officially prove or disprove facts about. While a few people are indifferent to the issue, most people have a view on the matter of genetic engineering. There are those who are opposed to genetic engineering, with its unknown side effects it could have and the potential risks impacting our society. Then, there are those who are for genetic engineering, which say it could lead us into a better future, like the examples stated earlier in the paper. It could make people sick, or it could save thousands of lives. No one really knows at this point in time. Experiments are done on animals, which often times have different reactions to experiments than would a human. The only way to test genetically altered foods on humans is by selling the products. Whether white rice, tomatoes and soy beans should be tampered with or let be as nature intended, the fact is that genetic engineering is our future. It will soon be brought more to attention, as has every other medical controversy, and we will decide to either abandon it altogether or step up and advance it even further. As was stated in the paper, my own opinion is that we need to approach genetic engineering with caution. Man has been known to meddle and tamper with nature. Is there a limit to what we should do? Or is this knowledge of mutating and changing genes to our benefit just another gift of nature to provide for its inhabitants? With more research and tests, hopefully scientists will someday be able to determine for sure what is best for the world.

Right Responsibilities And Real Deal By Butler Essays -

Right Responsibilities And Real Deal By Butler Rights, Responsibility and the Real Deal by Jeremy Butler The Right to Free Speech is Protected Ideas are the backbone of democracy. However we see fit to express those ideas is a right provided in the Constitution of the United States. No matter the format of that expression someone will find them offensive and seek to stop that expression. The Communications Decency Act is just the latest incarnation of small minds raging against the tide. The CDA stomps on the first amendment of the Constitution like a bunch of bikers in hobnailed boots. It must be relentlessly pursued until dead. Everyone participating in the 24 Hours of Democracy is part of the hunting party that will see to that. Thankfully we are not alone, the ACLU, EFF, VTW and others are on our side. And let's not forget our most powerful ally is the Constitution itself. The framers of the Constitution fought a bloody Revolution based on freedom of speech and other rights of a truly free people. They included no qualifications on that free speech. That principle has been upheld with minimal exceptions (no shouting "FIRE" in a crowded theater, please). The CDA is not the first (or last) legislation to attack free speech, and it won't survive in the courts any better than past laws. That is the purpose of the judicial branch of the government, to balance the excesses of the legislative (Congress) and the executive (President) branches. Our forefathers included that in the Constitution too, almost as if they knew that government would be dominated by self serving, arrogant prostitutes who could only be controlled by pitting them against one another. I believe in the U.S. system of government, even while questioning the motives and methods of the participants. Our voices and votes will be heard. It's not a conspiracy, it's just government. It is our Responsibility to Maintain the Net Culture Pornography is a tripwire, out in the fringes of the larger issue of free speech. I'm glad it's there, so we know when the storm troopers are coming (no pun intended), but it is not the reason the First Amendment is there. Open political discourse, such as 24 Hours of Democracy, is the idea the founders were protecting. So long as the general public only hears "We want our porn" they will never hear the real message "We are fighting for your freedom". We cannot forget the General Public; we must gather and nurture their support. The Net has always been about openness, but at the same time it has always been self policing (ask any flamee). It is our responsibility to maintain that environment. While the anything goes rule must be protected, we must provide the tools to allow parents to control the content of what their children access. We must voluntarily adopt some form of rating system that makes it simple. We must not only provide the means, we must aggressively and happily promote them (without whining). To do less is to avoid our responsibility and hand control over to others. This is a political issue, if we don't police ourselves then the public will demand that it be done for them. If it is done by the government, you can be assured we will come full circle to this point again. It is that simple. Providing Content on the Net is the Real Deal. The whole telecommunications bill is about the Net of the Future. The floodgates are open, the carriers can now build their pipes from any place to any place, everybody gets to create content for sale and the media giants are happy. Picture the land rushes into the West, a cannon goes off and everybody charges off to stake their claim. The Net has one key difference, unlimited territory. Right now anybody with the right equipment and the knowledge can be a Net/Web presence with the content of their choice and basically doesn't have to ask ANYBODY. That must be protected from central authority, whether governmental or corporate. That responsibility falls to us, because we are here and we understand what we have. We are the Thomas Paine's of our age with a printing press, a burning desire for freedom and the will to risk it all to print a political pamphlet. We have the tools, the desire is evident in 24 Hours of Democracy, and thanks to a functional democratic system the risks are relatively low (no gallows at least). We must create our own territory and defend

About the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

About the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance of countries from Europe and North America promising collective defense. Currently numbering 29 nations, NATO was formed initially to counter the communist East and has searched for a new identity in the post-Cold War world. Background In the aftermath of the Second World War, with ideologically opposed Soviet armies occupying much of Eastern Europe and fears still high over German aggression, the nations of Western Europe searched for a new form of military alliance to protect themselves. In March 1948 the Brussels Pact was signed between France, Britain, Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg, creating a defence alliance called the Western European Union, but there was a feeling that any effective alliance would have to include the US and Canada. In the US there was widespread concern about both the spread of Communism in Europe – strong Communist parties had formed in France and Italy - and potential aggression from Soviet armies, leading the US to seek talks about an Atlantic alliance with the west of Europe. The perceived need for a new defensive unit to rival the Eastern bloc was exacerbated by the Berlin Blockade of 1949, leading to an agreement that same year with many nations from Europe. Some nations opposed membership and still do, e.g. Sweden, Ireland. Creation, Structure, and Collective Security NATO was created by the North Atlantic Treaty, also called the Washington Treaty, which was signed on April 5th 1949. There were twelve signatories, including the United States, Canada and Britain (full list below). The head of NATOs military operations is the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, a position always held by an American so their troops don’t come under foreign command, answering to the North Atlantic Council of ambassadors from member nations, which is led by the Secretary General of NATO, who is always European. The centrepiece of the NATO treaty is Article 5, promising collective security: an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all; and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. The German Question The NATO treaty also allowed for the alliance’s expansion among European nations, and one of the earliest debates among NATO members was the German question: should West Germany (the East was under rival Soviet control) be re-armed and allowed to join NATO. There was opposition, invoking the recent German aggression which caused World War Two, but in May 1955 Germany was allowed to join, a move which caused upset in Russia and led to the formation of the rival Warsaw Pact alliance of Eastern communist nations. NATO and the Cold War NATO had, in many ways, been formed to secure West Europe against the threat of Soviet Russia, and the Cold War of 1945 to 1991 saw an often tense military standoff between NATO on one side and the Warsaw Pact nations on the other. However, there was never a direct military engagement, thanks in part to the threat of nuclear war; as part of NATO agreements nuclear weapons were stationed in Europe. There were tensions within NATO itself, and in 1966 France withdrew from the military command established in 1949. Nevertheless, there was never a Russian incursion into the western democracies, in large part due to the NATO alliance. Europe was very familiar with an aggressor taking one country after another thanks for the late 1930s and did not let it happen again. NATO After the Cold War The end of the Cold War in 1991 led to three major developments: the expansion of NATO to include new nations from the former Eastern bloc (full list below), the re-imagining of NATO as a ‘co-operative security’ alliance able to deal with European conflicts not involving member nations and the first use of NATO forces in combat. This first occurred during the Wars of the Former Yugoslavia, when NATO used air-strikes first against Bosnian-Serb positions in 1995, and again in 1999 against Serbia, plus the creation of a 60,000 peace keeping force in the region. NATO also created the Partnership for Peace initiative in 1994, aimed at engaging and building trust with ex-Warsaw Pact nations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and later the nations from the Former Yugoslavia. Other 30 countries have so far joined, and ten have become full members of NATO. NATO and the War on Terror: The conflict in the former Yugoslavia had not involved a NATO member state, and the famous clause 5 was first – and unanimously - invoked in 2001 after terrorist attacks on the United States, leading to NATO forces running peace-keeping operations in Afghanistan. NATO has also created the Allied Rapid Reaction Force (ARRF) for faster responses. However, NATO has come under pressure in recent years from people arguing it should be scaled down, or left to Europe, despite the increase in Russian aggression in the same period. NATO might still be searching for a role, but it played a huge role in maintaining the status quo in the Cold War, and has potential in a world where Cold War aftershocks keep happening.   Member States 1949 Founder Members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France (withdrew from military structure 1966), Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States1952: Greece (withdrew from military command 1974 – 80), Turkey1955: West Germany (With East Germany as reunified Germany from 1990)1982: Spain1999: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland2004: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia2009: Albania, Croatia2017: Montenegro

He implications of asymmetric information for the function of markets Essay

He implications of asymmetric information for the function of markets at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels - Essay Example The situation where the market produces more or less than the ideal or the optimal amount of a particular good, it is regarded as the market failure in terms of economics There are several factors that results in the market failure like externalities and monopoly power, and asymmetric information.Еhe implications of asymmetric information for the function of markets at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels.In an analysis of the competitive market structure it is always assumed that the buyers and the sellers have perfect knowledge about the market. But in reality this does not happens. When the available information about any product is more with someone than the others then the arisen situation is of market failure and the phenomenon is termed as â€Å"asymmetric information†. The information about the product is an important factor and if the quality of the goods could be judged about whether it being excellent or inferior then the price would have adjusted acc ording to the quality differences. Asymmetry and Market failure and the need of the government intervention A. Market failure and the used car market The situation of information asymmetry leading to market failure is best understood by the example of used cars. In a transaction of a used car, a seller would always know more than the buyer. Considering a case of a second hand Chevrolet Malibu which would cost $15,000 in an ‘average’ condition, if the condition of the car is ‘excellent’, that would cost $18,000 and if the condition of the car is ‘poor’, the car will be priced at $12,000.... without any excellent car will be ready to pay not more than $13500 that is the average price of the cars, which are either in average or poor condition. This in turn will prevent the average car owners from offering their car at such a low price. So at the end the market forces will adjust itself to equilibrium for the poor cars at the selling price of $12000. This is an example of market failure where the market for the excellent and average cars does not exist due to the asymmetry of information. This is a situation of quality uncertainties where the high quality goods are driven out by the low quality goods. (Chauhan, n. d, pp. 224-225) This is explained with the help of a diagram: PH SH P E P’ E’ DH DH’ DH† 0 Q’ Q Figure 1 (a) PL p’ e' SL p e DL’ DL 0 q q’ Figure 1(b) Source: Chauhan, n. d, pp. 224-225 In the diagram Figure 1 (a) DH represents the demand for high quality goods, SH, the supply for high quality goods. They int ersect at the point E where the quantity OQ must be demanded and it must be supplied at OP price. Due to the asymmetry of information, the same amount OQ is demanded at a lower price E†. As the buyers are uncertain about the quality of the product they treat the high quality good as the low quality good and hence the demand curve shifts downwards to DH’. At this lower price some of the seller refuses to sell the product which causes the supply to fall from OQ to OQ’. Hence the new equilibrium is at E’, where the DH’ intersects S H. The OQ amount of high quality goods is sold at a price OP’.As there exists quality uncertainty the demand curve is expected to further slide down to DH† which does not intersect with the supply curve SH at all. This shows how the market for high quality goods fails. In the figure 1(b),

IFRS and GAAP Convergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IFRS and GAAP Convergence - Essay Example When the financial statements are available in annual reports, it is the responsibility of the managers to evaluate and discuss results of company performance. External parties use these financial statements to analyze the company’s financial performance. Therefore, external users of financial statements are requires to be familiar with the tools and techniques which are used in financial performance analysis (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2010, p.1270). Financial analysis includes the analysis of income statement and the assets and liabilities in the balance sheet. It can be done by implementing various tools and techniques such as: common size financial statements, comparative financial statements, ratio analysis, trend analysis, fund flow statement and cash flow statement (Murthy and Gurusamy, 2009, pp.8-9). Accounting Convergence A single set of global accounting standards has to be developed that would be used internationally for international and domestic financial report ing. In order to persuade this practice, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) and the US Financial accounting Standard Board (FASB) signed a memorandum of understanding, honoring their commitment towards the convergence of International Accounting Standards and the U.S. ... After the IASB and FASB liberated their disclosure draft on revenue recognition, they got many comments which include the lack of transparency about the transfer of control of services, the accounting for warranties, difficulties in recognizing and separating performance obligations, and the model proposed for licenses of intellectual property. It is found that the proposed standard will cause in the considerable shift in how revenues is documented in many situations. Most respondents believe that the proposed standard will have high impact on their financial reporting and in the process of implementing this standard, additional technology and resources will be required. More or less 41% of the respondent agrees upon the implementation of the IFRS in either 2015 or 2016. Difference between U.S. GAAP and IFRS There are many differences between the U.S GAAP and IFRS rules regarding the revenue recognition, provisions and contingencies, income taxes, leases, financial instruments, intan gible assets, interim financial reporting, and the financial statement presentation. But the most important difference would be in the financial statement presentation. Under the US GAAP rules, normally comparative financial statements are prepared, though a single year may be accessible in certain events. For the public companies, balance sheets for the two most current years are needed, whereas other statements must contain three year period which should be ended on the balance sheet date. Under IFRS rules, comparative information must be revealed with respect to the prior period for all amounts which are shown in the financial statements. Under US GAAP rules,

Religion and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion and Philosophy - Essay Example ThÐ µ yin yÐ °ng sign illustrÐ °tÐ µs thÐ °t Ð µvÐ µn whÐ µrÐ µ you'vÐ µ got two oppositÐ µs, thÐ µy complimÐ µnt Ð µÃ °ch othÐ µr. ThÐ µ blÐ °ck Ð °nd whitÐ µ of thÐ µ two sidÐ µs of thÐ µ sign Ð °rÐ µ oppositÐ µs, but within thÐ µ blÐ °ck thÐ µrÐ µ is Ð ° littlÐ µ bit of whitÐ µ Ð °nd within thÐ µ whitÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is Ð ° littlÐ µ bit of blÐ °ck. ThÐ µrÐ µ's Ð ° pÐ µrfÐ µct bÐ °lÐ °ncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ two. OftÐ µn thÐ µ yin yÐ °ng sign is usÐ µd to symbolizÐ µ mÐ °lÐ µ Ð °nd fÐ µmÐ °lÐ µ forcÐ µs. FÐ µmÐ °lÐ µ usuÐ °lly is Ð °ssociÐ °tÐ µd with thÐ µ dÐ °rk Ð °nd thÐ µ mÐ °lÐ µ is Ð °ssociÐ °tÐ µd with whitÐ µ Ð °nd thÐ µ light. In somÐ µthing thÐ °t might sÐ µÃ µm complÐ µtÐ µly mÐ °sculinÐ µ, not just in pÐ µoplÐ µ or Ð °nimÐ °ls, but Ð µvÐ µn in vÐ °rious mÐ °nifÐ µstÐ °tions of nÐ °turÐ µ or sociÐ µty or whÐ °tÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µrÐ µ is Ð ° littlÐ µ touch of thÐ µ fÐ µmininÐ µ. Within somÐ µthing thÐ °t might sÐ µÃ µm to bÐ µ complÐ µtÐ µly fÐ µmininÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ is Ð ° littlÐ µ touch of thÐ µ mÐ °sculinÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µ is Ð °lwÐ °ys Ð ° littlÐ µ bit of thÐ µ oppositÐ µ within whÐ °tÐ µvÐ µr it is you'rÐ µ tÐ °lking Ð °bout, Ð µvÐ µn if things sÐ µÃ µm to bÐ µ totÐ °lly oppositÐ µ.

Roles Played By Reason And Imagination In Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Roles Played By Reason And Imagination In Knowledge Philosophy Essay The role played by imagination was insignificant in the achievement of knowledge due to its confusing and tentative nature and that rational thought was the sources of much knowledge believed Sir Francis Bacon, a deterministic, Renaissance rationalist.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  The Critique of Pure Reason contrasts this view, stating that both reason and imagination are necessary for acquiring knowledge.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  However, to what extent can Bacons views on reason and imagination be justified? This essay will examine such a concept through the exploration of the four ways of knowing (perception, language, emotion and reason) as well as two areas of knowledge, which will be history and the natural sciences. The Critique of Pure Reason is written by Immanuel Kant, a theorist. He mostly concerned himself with the metaphysical world, a reality based on abstract and empirical concepts. The proposition of this idea is bizarre coming from a man who lived in the Age of Reason when being rational was considered the ultimate and most accurate way of knowing. Reason is defined as the process of thinking and gaining knowledge through manipulation, integration and evaluation of facts and ideas, it can be either deductive reasoning (from the general to the particular) or inductive reasoning (from the particular to general principles)  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  . Whereas imagination is defined as the power of reproducing images stored in the memory under the suggestion of associated images or of recombining former experiences to create new images  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  Using the above definitions, incorporating the four ways of knowing and the two areas of knowledge to address the knowledge issue: are the roles of reason and imagination necessary to gain adequate knowledge in the areas of the natural sciences and history? Firstly, the definition of adequate is to be provided. According to the Encarta English Dictionary, adequate is defined as sufficient in quality or quantity to meet a need or qualify for something. It has been accepted that achieving absolute truth is virtually impossible, thus the knowledge issue is worded in a manner to account for this. History is defined as the study of the past  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  by Richard van de Lagemaat and by Britannica Encyclopedia as the discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or people), based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  ; it is essentially a study of human behavior. In schools, history falls under the humanities subject department or in the literary arts, yet, there are some who contest this idea and believe it should be considered more a natural science than a literary art or humanities subject. The writing language of written history incorporates an emotional aspect. This can be justified by the means of identifying the roles of reason and imagination in history. Due to its definition supplied by Britannica, history requires reason, and because the language used to define the subject, history is made to seem as though it is mimicking a scientific doctrine. A scientific doctrine is defined as the results of an experiment must be both independently verifiable and independently reproducible.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  From this definition, however, it presents a counter argument. It suggest that history cannot be a considered a natural science due to its non-experimental nature; one cannot reproduce or change the past, only analyze and learn from it. It is subjective and owns a subcategory of historiography which is the critical response to an in-depth analysis of sources, transforming them into narratives to justify events, why they happened the way they did and explaining the psyche behind the decisions made.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  Scientists argue that the perspective of a historian is adjusted, predetermined before he starts his work as he will only look for sources and information to prove his hypothesis.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  Nonetheless, with only reason, history would remain incomplete. Ele ments of historiography are more imaginative than historians prefer to let on; there are gaps in the information. There is no possibility that ever single second of history will ever be recorded, and only as of recent, we have managed to become very close to this aspiration with the invention of things such as the internet and world news as it happens, making the recording of history easier but much more open to interpretation. This involves imagination, rather than reason. Reason does not allow for outside-of-the-box thought patterns, traditionally; and imagination is required to piece together the delicate puzzle in a poetic and sensible way. History is also plagued with the idea of hindsight bias. These are tendencies to believe, after learning of an outcome, that one could have foreseen it.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  Hindsight bias can be considered to have rational elements, but also consists of fallacies like cognitive bias. This, according to Wikipedia, is a pattern of dev iation in judgment that occurs in particular situations.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  History, or at least accurate history, is not produced by mere imagination, devotions and poetic utterances, if it were just art; a writer could compose a whole new reality than what really happened outside his own imagination. Historians have archaeology to draw from. They have primary documents that tell them what people were declaring. They cannot verify the way scientists can, but they can be empirical. It can be deduced that history is a science. There may indeed be scientific elements in judging a military situation  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  ; nevertheless, there are an equal number of factors that simply cannot be scientifically quantified. In order for history to be as actuate as possible, both imagination and reason play key roles in acquiring knowledge. The role of imagination in history is that with which one can understand the events that transpire around a particular situation. Re ason plays a role in establishing what the event is. Without the imagination, reason is only a few written words; with the imagination, reason becomes more powerful and substantiating. Natural sciences are recognized as a model for knowledge owing to many factors, prime among which is their capacity to explain and make precise predictions.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  Natural sciences are often known as hard sciences, consisting of biology, chemistry and physics. They are often considered to be solely rational subjects that defy religion and question the world we live in, believed to give automatic proof of intellectual superiority because of its empirical data and facts and use of rational thinking, devoid of emotion and laden with precise and concise language. The idea of natural sciences as a literary art is nearly unheard of. This idea follows Bacons school of thought. Alternatively, in the spirit of Kants school of thought, it can also be considered a capacity for imaginative thinking. Most scientific laws and theories known today can be considered to have started with a creative endeavor, beginning with thought and imagination even though it is scientificall y based.  [CITATION TIM62 l 1033]  The thought that reason is the purest and truest way of attaining knowledge, an idea from the 17th century Renaissance, known as the Age of Reason, is slowly becoming contradicted. For example, the now respected idea that a high IQ is not a reliable sign of giftedness may simply indicate convergent thinking. Truly creative children are said to have divergent thinking that tend to find IQ tests boring and do not readily accept the right answer as the right one. A Chicago team devised various tests to spot divergent thinkers, testing 95 school boys. The test asked students to make up alternate endings for fables, instead of simply picking the right answers, and to write stories suggested by stimuli such as pictures which supply many different uses for everyday objects. Surprisingly, the top scores came from those specializing in history and English literature. The least creative, according to Hudsons findings, were the natural science students. Y oung scientists, says Hudson, tend to be less intellectually flexible than young arts specialists and more restricted emotionally.  [CITATION The08 l 1033]  In natural science, imagination is needed in order to correctly interpret data and create further possibilities for experimentation, although reason is used to ascertain whether or not ones findings and ones methods are realistic. There is little to suggest that the artists view point of science is more than just a thought or crazy theory, but it is evidently important for the scientist to view the world from an imaginative perpective. The idea of natural science as an art has only been seen in science fiction literatures, however, the language used in these works are generally emotionally laden even though they give the perception of being scientifically concise. Even though it has the word science in it, and presents logically plausible notions (in some cases), science fiction is often associated with imagination and fanta sy rather than reason and logic. Overall, it can be concluded that neither imagination nor reason are ruling aspects of history or natural science, but are necessary together in creating tangibility and some degree of certainty in attaining knowledge. Both of them create counterparts for each other making them unable to logically exist alone. It can be argued that Bacons views on reason and imagination are fairly unjustified as the roles of both are necessary to gain adequate knowledge and understanding in the natural sciences and history, as without one, the other becomes nearly useless; it supports Kants thesis, The Critique of Pure Reason. It is clear that Bacon failed to see the necessity of corresponding thoughts to create an ideological notion, integrating both aspects of acquiring knowledge for reason and imagination are highly dependent on each other for support. Word count: 1,602

How a Friend Change My Life

Friends Really Do Change Your Life I believe friends can impact your life. Whether negatively or positively, the people you surround yourself with have a significant impact on where your life takes you. Specifically, I believe my best friend got me to where I am today. I am now and have been on a path to success since she entered my life. Four years ago, I was a trouble maker, rule breaker and all out rebel. The girls that I surrounded myself were known for their bad attitudes and party habits.I have watched their lives get destroyed because of the decisions they made. I believe by stepping away from them, I have become a more structured and overall better person. During my friendship with my former group of friends, I had no rules. I stayed out hours past midnight, threw parties without my parent’s permission or knowledge, and didn’t care who I associated myself with. Thankfully, I was level-headed enough to never give in to the pressure of trying drugs or alcohol. I w as only in it for the fun.Four of these girls, however, lacked the better judgment I was lucky enough to have. They drank constantly, smoked pot, and ditched school almost every day. After several years of this, I had had enough. Unfortunately, by associating myself with this group I had somewhat ruined my reputation. Even though I stayed away from drugs, people at school assumed I was just as crazy as the rest of the girls. The girls eventually dropped out of school and I was left trying to find people that would accept me.I knew of another girl at school that I hadn’t talked to in a few years. She was in Honors classes and theater, so we rarely crossed paths. Our parents, however, were best friends and always encouraged her and I to hang out but we never found much in common. After separating myself from my former group, she and I became friends. I quickly found myself realizing what true friendship really was and was surprised to have found it with someone I had once thoug ht to be so different from me. Four years later, we are best friends and closer than anyone could imagine.Through the lives of my former friends, I have seen what my path could have been. I could have been without a high school education, without a job, without my dignity and without a true friend. I have learned that who you associate yourself with can have a strong impact on your future. By becoming friends with someone I thought was on the right path, I, myself, can see a bright future ahead of me. I am extremely thankful to have found someone who helped me get on this path. I believe that without her, I would not be who I am today.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay

Many authors like to write fantasy novels, stories that detached themselves from reality, novels that tell us about magic, parallel dimensions, between others. But even in these fictional stories there is still the presence of the universal themes that can be touched not only in this kind of novels but also in the simpler ones, themes like the fight between good and evil, love, between others. There are also the authors that actually mix the fantasy and the reality to a point that it is really hard to see the difference between them, Gabriel Garcia Marquez is said to be the father of this gender called â€Å"Magic Realism†, he said that the reason that he sees the world in that particular way of his, is because of the persons that raised him when he was really young â€Å"He was made by the sententious, worldly, rationalized tone of his grandfather and the premonitory and supernatural exclamations of his grandmother seasoned by his unique humor, with this he would be capable of making a new vision of the world† (Gerald Martin 41). And even in this extraordinary vision we can still catch the reality like when he speaks about the natural oppression that exists in the countries of Latin America, when he talks about the 1000 days the conflict that actually won the independence of Colombia from Panama an event that his grandfather love to tell him about after all he fought in this war and lose in it, also he talks about the massacre in the United Fruit Company a really striking episode on Colombian history. We can also catch his own reality, we can appreciate in his writings all of those special and striking memories that were kept in him, the one that made a mark on the man he became, in the stories there is not only memories there is also characters based on members of his own family and also towns based on the ones of his childhood and we are not only talking about how he used Aracataca to create Macondo, there is also the mention of how he uses Sucre to describe a place that he really despised. So we are going to explore how Gabriel Garcia Marquez used parts of his life to write his famous stories. First of all in his autobiography Garcia Marquez talks about how his grandfather used to drag him around Aracataca (the small town where he lived most of his childhood) and while he was at this he create a bunch of memorable moments that he would immortalize in his novels. This memory, the one were the grandfather takes the kid to meet new things is very repetitive even the own author says it â€Å"I had a bunch of mages but the one were the old man takes the kid by the hand is the most vivid one† this one is used in two of his novels in the â€Å"Leaf Storm† when the father takes the son to a funeral and also in his Nobel Prize winner Novel One Hundred Years of Solitude when the father takes the kids to see the ice, in the book he uses his own impression when Aureliano Buendia says â€Å"It’s Burning† (Garcia Marquez). Another one of those memories is the one about the Belgian that lived in Aracataca that committed suicide by inhalation of cyanide, â€Å"He drag me to the house of the Belgian†¦ The first thing that shock me was the smell of the cyanide that the Belgian had used to committed suicide† (Gabriel Garcia Marquez). This story is represented also in two of his novels in â€Å"The Leaf Storm† where he is the doctor united with the Venezuelan pharmacist Alfredo Barbosa; the other one is in the novel Love in the Time of Cholera where he is Jeremiah de Saint-Amour (Gerald Martin). Another one of the moments that make a big impact in his life was while he lived in Venezuela, by the time Garcia Marquez lived in the country Marcos Perez Jimenez a dictator was in the power, he start to ask himself why did so many people find it attractive to have a dictator in the power , after all it wasn’t an uncommon characteristic in the many countries of Latin America to have a dictator, the impressive thing was that only a month after Garcia Marquez moved to Caracas (the capital of Venezuela) there was a movement against the president that finally took him out of the power, it was the first time a dictator had been taken of the power in Latin America. This fact was what inspired him to write â€Å"Autumn of the Patriarch† a story that talks about an eternal dictator, he based this character in real-life autocrats like Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, Francisco Franco and Juan Vicente Gomez. Many of the characters in his stories are based in real-life persons not only in famous characters like the autocrats in the â€Å"Autumn of the Patriarch† but also people of his own family. The first character and one of the most obvious one would be Jose Arcadio Buendia one of the characters of his most famous novel â€Å"One Hundred Years of Solitude† Jose Arcadio Buendia married to Ursula Iguaran was an adventurous man that took his wife from of what all that they knew to a mysterious place, he was always looking for new hobbies to entertain himself and because of this he ended up lacking as a father, this is a clear mirror of the father of the author a men who would constantly travel looking for adventures, moving the family from one city to another to look for a way to make business and easy money, always leaving the care of his own children to other persons, most of the time to his in-laws and because of that the relationship with his children wasn’t really good. Another one would be Ursula Iguaran a women full of character and a strong command, a person who loved her supernatural beliefs and would do anything to sustain her family, in this character there is the reflection of two persons of great importance in the life of the author one of them would be his grandmother Tranquilina Iguaran (obviously this is where the last name comes from) this one gave the character her belief for the supernatural, her being very superstitious even when this characteristic is very common in older people even today they still carry this kind of fears, maybe because this fears also come from the strong feeling they have for their religion (mostly catholic) another common trait in Latin American society, the other one would be his mother Luisa Marquez while at the beginning of his life he didn’t have a strong vincula with his mother after all she left him to be raised by her parents (even when this was very common back in those days) but after Gabriel Ga rcia start living with her many years later there would be a time when she was variably able to feed all of the children but she pull through and by this time she made a strong bond with her son, so the strong will of Luisa Marquez was represented in Ursula Iguaran. There is also Florentino Ariza a character of his novel Life in Times of Cholera this one was based on a mix between the author Garcia Marquez and his father Gabriel Eligio, while the character was a person who didn’t seem to notice the levels that make him different from others and was always trying to reach to this ones like Gabriel Eligio there is also the fact that Florentino Ariza was a telegraphist like Gabriel Eligio, also there is a part in the novel where Fermina Darza’s father tries to separate them by sending Fermina (Florentinos’s love interest) to visit her family to another town this actually happened to Luisa and Gabriel Eligio, Luisa’s father try to separate them by sending Luisa out of Aracataca. While from the author Florentino took the dreamer the passion for writing, in the book Florentino wrote many letters to her something that the own author did with his wife Mercedes. There is also Fermina Daza a mix of Mercedes and Tachia (a lover of Garcia Marquez), Fermina was represented for being secure of her way of being, straightforward and down to earth quite the opposite of Florentino. While the doctor Juvenal Urbino was a representation of everything the author hated and envied of the high class people of Cartagena in this character there was even a bit of Gabriel Eligio with his petulant and Self-confident character and it was also notable a bit of his Granfather in Juvenal.

The idea of disappointment in Araby and An Encounter Essay Example

The idea of disappointment in Araby and An Encounter Essay Example The idea of disappointment in Araby and An Encounter Paper The idea of disappointment in Araby and An Encounter Paper Essay Topic: Dubliners Literature Dubliners covers the lives of many different characters over four different themes in their lives. These themes are childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life. The theme in Araby and An Encounter is that of childhood. Joyce wanted to describe Dublin life so that the reader could be seen to be looking into a Nicely polished looking glass. At the time that Joyce was writing he felt that society as a whole was in a state of paralysis and was stagnant. He describes characters that try to escape from society and break free, however, it seems that freedom is never achieved and the characters are left disappointed and frustrated. This can be seen clearly in both the stories, though there are some small differences in the bid for escape and the attitudes of the characters. An Encounter is the story of two boys who make an attempt to play truant from school. They are influenced by tales of adventure of the Wild West, The adventures related in the literature of the Wild West were remote from my nature but, at least, they opened doors of escape. and so try to create their own adventure. There escape is well planned and so they have very high expectations of what their day will be like. Their planned trip is also against their parents wishes and so there is an element of risk evolved, which would make the trip much more exciting and adventurous. In Araby a boy thinks he has fallen in love with a girl from across the street and takes it upon himself to go to the bazaar to buy her something because she cannot go herself. He is driven by his infatuation of her, I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: O love! O love! many times. and the thought that he will be going somewhere new and exotic, and so break the monotonous routine of his daily life. Therefore, he has very high expectations of what he will see and what he will do. Therefore, both these tales build up a high level of excitement and expectation, which can only bring disappointment when none of their wishes are achieved. The disappointments in the stories are not just limited to the failings of the adventures. In Araby there is the disappointment that his Uncle has not paid much interest in his life and has forgotten to give him the money for the bazaar and the failure of the Uncle to see that his nephew is excited. This adds to the boys bid to escape because of the claustrophobic effect his Uncle and Aunt have over him. The most obvious signs of disappointment are in the bazaar. Firstly, when the boy gets there the bazaar is closing, he sees that two men were counting money on a salver. The symbolism of the bazaar being an exotic place is lost and he realises that the bazaar is just a market, where money is traded for wares. When in the bazaar he also realises that he is not that important, people ignore him, and he finishes by saying, I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burnt with anguish and anger. In this story the boy has gone through a psychological change, which made him look at himself in a new way. This gave him a fright making him angry but at the same time very disappointed, because he realises that his life is no different than any other person in Dublin. In An Encounter most of the disappointment occurs because of the failed sense of adventure. They discover that the docks are not what they imagined, and they find that they are too tired at any rate to carry on with their adventure to their Wild West, It was too late and we were too tired to carry out our project of visiting Pigeon House. This tiredness and the lack of excitement lead on to the old man. He in a sense completely breaks the sense of adventure and escape for the narrator. He sees that they are schoolboys and treats them as such. This shatters the image of being mature and adventurous, and brings in a sense of claustrophobia because there is nothing these boys can do; they will always be treated as schoolboys. This is a huge disappointment for the narrator, especially as he tries to give the impression of being well read and highly intelligent, but the man seems to completely ignore the impression the narrator tried to give. In both Araby and An Encounter there are common themes of desire to escape, frustration of elders and the claustrophobic effect of the Dublin society. All these effects of the characters drive them to try to escape, but because they are tied down by these strong ties to the society and to Dublin itself, they always find disappointment in their futile attempts to escape. Araby and An Encounter epitomise the failure of the young to break the paralysis of their own society or to discover a way of escaping from that society, but certainly proves that escape is much harder than all the characters believe.

Rostrum, As Used in Marine Life

Rostrum, As Used in Marine Life The term rostrum is defined as an organism’s beak or a beak-like part. The term is used in reference to cetaceans, crustaceans and some fish.   The plural form of this word is rostra. Cetacean Rostrum In cetaceans, the rostrum is  the upper jaw or â€Å"snout† of the whale. According to the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, the term  rostrum  also refers to the skull bones in the whale that provide support for the rostrum. Those are the forward (anterior) parts of the maxillary, premaxillary and vomerine bones. Essentially, it is made up of the bones we have between the bottom of our nose and our upper jaw, but the bones are much longer in cetaceans, especially baleen whales.   Rostrums look different in toothed whales (odontocetes) versus baleen whales (mysticetes). The toothed whales have a rostrum that is usually dorsally concave, while baleen whales have a rostrum that is ventrally concave.   More simply put, the top part of a toothed whales rostrum is shaped more like a crescent moon, while a baleen whales rostrum is shaped more like an arch. The differences in rostrum structure become pretty evident when viewing images of cetacean skulls, as is shown in the FAO identification guide here. The rostrum in a cetacean is a strong, relatively hard part of the anatomy. Dolphins can even use their rostra to   Crustacean Rostrum In a crustacean, the rostrum is the projection of the animals carapace that extends forward of the eyes. It projects from the cephalothorax, which is present in some crustaceans and is the head and thorax together, covered by a carapace. The rostrum is a hard, beak-like structure.   In a lobster, for example, the rostrum projects between the eyes. It looks like a nose, but it is not (lobster smell with their annentules, but thats another topic). Its function is thought to be simply to protect the lobsters eyes, especially when two lobsters have a conflict. The Lobster Rostrums Contribution to History In the 1630s, European warriors wore a lobster tail helmet that had overlapping plates hanging from the back to protect the neck and a nasal bar in the front, modeled after a lobsters rostrum.   Oddly enough, lobster rostrums have also been used as a cure for kidney stones and urinary diseases.   In shrimp, the rostrum is also known as the head spine, which is a hard projection between the animals eyes.   In barnacles (which are crustaceans but dont have visible eyes like lobsters do, the rostrum is one of the six shell plates that make up the animals exoskeleton. It is the plate located on the anterior end of the barnacle.   Fish Rostrum Some fish have body parts that are referred to as a rostrum. These include billfish such as sailfish (the long bill) and sawfish (the saw). Rostrum, As Used in a Sentence When the minke whale surfaces to breathe, its rostrum usually appears first, followed by the top of its head and its back.I needed to pass a kidney stone, so I roasted a lobsters rostrum and then mashed it up and dissolved it in wine. (Yes, this was purportedly a cure for kidney stones in the Middle Ages and Renaissance).   Sources American Cetacean Society. Cetacean Curriculum.Accessed October 30, 2015.Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Crustacean Glossary. Accessed October 30, 2015.Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.  p.1366.St. Lawrence Global Observatory. American Lobster - Characteristics.  Accessed October 30, 2015.The Lobster Conservancy. 2004. Lobster Biology.  Accessed October 30, 2015.University of Bristol. Crustacea.  Accessed October 30, 2015.

Lesson 2 Student 2 DF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lesson 2 Student 2 DF - Essay Example The JHNEBP model is a combination of research and non-research encompassing nursing practice, education and the research fields. In utilizing PET, the practice question is designed so as to provide an answer from results. In evidence, research finds the answers by analyzing specific proof (data). The translation of the findings provides the method of implementing the infrastructure into a pilot application for further testing and refining (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). As you would know, there are seven tools utilized during the PET18 steps, applied within the process. and they are: Question Development, Evidence Rating Scale, Research Evidence Appraisal, Non-research Evidence Appraisal, Individual Evidence Summary, Overall Evidence Summation and Project Management (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011, p.270). In the 18 step PET process, the first five steps occur in the Practice Question development phase, whereby a question is identified, the practice scope is defined, leadership and responsibility is assigned, a team is developed and the project conference scheduled. In the Evidence phase, internal and external research occurs, critical appraisal is made on findings, evidence is summarized including a rate of strength, and recommendations are made. In the third phase, Translation, recommendations are set into a plan of action, the changes are implemented, outcomes are evaluated, preliminary reports are made to the decision makers, support is obtained for implementation by a step-by-step process and, finally, the findings are communicated (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011; Dearholt & Dang, 2012). In some situations, when research is limited in regards to a particular issue, nurses will need to review and evaluate other resources such as trade journals, peer expertise recommendations, professional organizations, regulations and guidelines

Jurisprudence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jurisprudence - Essay Example In order for a society to gain such a reliable reputation, there needs to be a backbone, which in this case would be a code of law.† (2006: p 1) Man makes laws and crafts amendments in them according to the prevailing circumstances and situation. The basic motive behind devising the statutes of law was the prevention of crimes from the society. Since crime is a social phenomenon and exists in each and every culture of the world from the most primitive human tribes and clans to the modern contemporary society, no civilization can deny its subsistence at all. â€Å"Community disorganization†, according to Vedder, Koenig & Clark, â€Å"has been found to be related to several social problems, including crime and delinquency.† (1973: p 7). It is actually an act that disturbs and destroys the peace and harmony of a society. With increase in population of the world at large, the tribes and communities grew widely and developed into society. The crime rate also got its place along with the growth of civilization with an upward trend and increase. The need of rules and system was felt to preserve calm and harmony. Subsequently, social norms, folkways, mores and taboos came into being to bring regularity in society. Socio-cultural and political authorities were also established, to evade turbulence and control crimes in the prescribed manners prevailing in an area. There are two types of offences i.e. one which is against the law enforced by the state, called criminal acts, and the other that is against religious beliefs as well as existing norms that is called deviancy and immorality. Deviant behaviour and perversion refer to the breaking of the prevailing norms and values. Prostitution, incest, homosexuality, bestiality, buggery, exhibitionism, voyeurism and masochism etc are the examples of moral offenc es or perversion. The parliament of the Old Land, has decided to pass a bill in order to criminalize sexual intercourse

Application of rapid prototyping in industrial field Essay

Application of rapid prototyping in industrial field - Essay Example Some specific applications of rapid prototyping are discussed below. 1. Investment casting Investment casting is one of the widely used manufacturing processes in recent days though it had been in use for several years. In the investment casting process, a metallic part is created with the help of an investment model and it is used as hardware. As the first step of the process, the investment is coated with some layers of ceramic shell material and sand. After drying the pattern, it is burned with high temperature in order to make it stronger and acquire high resistance to thermal reactions. This burning process creates several cavities in the pattern which is filled with molten metal and subsequently allowed to cool (Cooper & Cooper, 133)1. The model so produced allows the company to assess the performance of the designed model. Since the company gets the prototype casting within a few days on less expense, they are relieved from the huge expenses of traditional processes of product ion tooling or machining. In addition to investment casting, sand casting, vacuum casting, and injection molding there are some of the applications of rapid prototyping which fall under the category of indirect tooling. 2 2. Laser-Engineered Net Shaping It is also an application of rapid prototyping and includes in the category of direct tooling. ... The MTS Corporation has commercialized the system. Rapid tools, Direct AIM, LOMComposite, and Sand Molding are the other applications under direct tooling. 5 3. Aerospace and Military Rapid prototyping is used for the Airbus manufacturing in the Europe especially in UK. The Airbus manufacturing industry faces the challenge in designing adequate models of wind tunnel as it involves the pumping of ‘high pressure air to power turbine engines within a limited space envelope’ (Euromold)6. Laser sintering was discovered as the best solution to this problem and it helps the manufacturer to meet various financial needs of the project and meet the deadlines. Rapid prototyping and thereby additive technologies help the wind tunnel industrialists to carry out their functions easily and efficiently. Rapid prototyping has other applications also in the service area of military. 4. Medical and Dental 7 As the branch of rapid prototyping developed fast, the medical industry has also ob tained several advantages. It helps medical technicians to design physical models from medical images with help of additive fabrication technology. Nowadays, the surgeons across the world use physical anatomical models in order to develop frameworks for complex surgeries as it helps them to carry out the process more smoothly 8(ProtoCAM). As the medical device manufactures realized the scope of rapid prototyping, they have begun to take patient-specific images so as to produce large collections of databases for the further designing processes. Researchers in the area of osteology have many applications with rapid prototyping as it helps them to produce bone models and fracture healing

A study of gender inequality in different child custody cases Essay Example for Free

A study of gender inequality in different child custody cases Essay Gender inequality in child custody cases has been happening since custody hearings were created. Today, fathers are less likely to win custody of their children; resulting in court and legal fees that the mothers do not have to pay. Regardless of the parents living situation or income, if the mother is physically healthy enough to raise the child, she has a major advantage.   On top of everything else, men are more likely to owe increasing child support, even if they are hurt or arrested for non-payment. It’s inequality like this that has plagued the family courts forever, giving them a biased and bad name. Going back to times such as the 1970s, it is well noted that even then gender inequality was quite rampant. Not only is it now well-known and admitted, but many feel with the removal of ‘tender years’ law (feeling that women raised the children, this should be primary caregiver) that inequality was taken care of; this obviously not being the case.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Indeed, typical statutory provisions at least implicitly encourage courts to consider past parental participation. Moreover, evidence that courts continue to favor mothers in custody disputes suggests that the pre-divorce caretaking function is valued.† (Elizabeth S. Scott) Not only is this seen and documented to be the same for many states; it can get even worse for small towns and municipals as their rulings have a higher chance to be biased and go unpunished and undocumented. While there are waivers to get court fees waived, many times the court rejects these fee waivers; resulting in immense costs for fathe r. If the father wants to claim custody of his child, some places may make the father file a petition for adoption (even if he is the biological father), which cost money to file. Fees for this could range from $20 to $200; something a struggling father with legal fees could usually not easily pay. With all these legal fees the father will also have to pay for any attorney fees; and for the attorney themselves. There have been many reported cases of mothers who can not support their children, being awarded custody for supposedly other reasons; while the father who could support the child is writing off as unfit. For example, there have been several cases where homeless mothers were award full custody of their children, while the father had a stable living situation. Not only living situation wise, but women who don’t have a stable source of income are often not seen as a problem in the eyes of the court. It operates under the guidance that women can get more government aid (such as welfare) for their children; often resulting in poor treatment of children due to improper nutrition and medical care. All of this is taking place due to courts going for what they feel would be the ‘best interest’ of the child, rather than the main negatives and benefits for each parent. More often than not, more care is done when a parent informs the court they want to move out of state with the child. This usually brings about a full inspection into both parents history, so to decide the right choice and not send a child out of state with an unfit parent. Operating on this backing is wrong, and this concept should be applied to every family court case regardless of circumstances or not. However, if a father was awarded custody, and wanted to move out of state to â€Å"start fresh again† or maybe â€Å"pursue love in another are†then more often than not the court would deny the father the ability to move out of state. â€Å"Where I practice, a parent wishing to move with their child out of state has to pass a two-part test. Part One: show the court a legitimate reason to move. Part Two: show the court that the move is in the best interests of the child.† (Nancy Shannon) More often than not courts find a problem with moving the child out of the mother’s state, due to incorrect thinking that all mothers are the best fit to parent their childre n; or they need to have the ability to be in contact with their children. On top of the discrimination and work required most fathers need to do in order to get custody of their child if they fail the results could end up being crippling and life ruining.   If a father is made to pay child support, right out of the court he is already in debt. Not only are the legal fees now imposed, but he now has to pay an additional monthly fee; sometimes even surpassing the cost of their monthly rent. This leads a lot of child support payers to end up not being able to pay; resulting in their arrest. What makes the entire situation worse is that once in jail their fees do not stop. The debts continue to accrue and once they get out, it could become a vicious cycle of not being able to pay, being arrested, and then being released. Yet somehow this is not the entire story of it. If you get hurt or have a medical injury making you unable to work, your payments still do not stop. You have to make a petition to the judge with proper documentation (which could be costly to print out depending on state medical information laws) and even then a judge may decide your injury is not debilitating enough. This one event in a person’s life could result in the rest of their life being ruined. â€Å"All I was saying was, ‘Give me an opportunity instead of throwing me in jail because that just puts me further behind in child support,† Ferebee says. â€Å"Let me find work so I can earn money.’† This year, Ferebee was headed to jail a fifth time for failure to pay child support.† (Tina Griego) This could turn your life into a ‘debtors prison’ where there is no hope for escape, and once the process has started each day makes recovery more and more improbable. There should be more options available to the father that cannot pay; such as working the payment off in community service or being forced to an assigned job for a certain amount of payment until the balance is resolved. This not only means fewer people in the jails for non-violent crimes but a better chance at actually paying the debt.   Unfortunately, the standard today is to just increase the debt hoping that the person could eventually afford it. One of the most compelling arguments against gender bias in court would have to be that because women usually take care of the children more often, they should be the primary caretaker. Several well-known judges had been surveyed about this, and many have told they feel this is not bias. Most judges are not getting a direct view of the household. That is why each case needs to be verified on a person-to-person basis, rather than a gender basis (i.e. look at BOTH the mother and father for the best living situation). â€Å"Her article holds that mother preference is not a gender biased opinion if the mother was the primary caretaker of the child‟s past.   She writes that bias is often seen because â€Å"fathers   are often given more credit than mothers for doing what is expected of mothers, to penalize mothers more than fathers for extramarital affairs, and to think that a mother‟s investment in her career is selfish while a father‟s is the act of a responsible provider† (Lindsay R. Estep) This quote does wonder for speaking about the current legal system regarding gender. The court official who spoke in that quote clearly demonstrates (albeit with a bit of truth in some parts) gender bias, and fails to recognize it. There are also a few things that need to be addressed regarding the quote. When the official speaks about the mother being the primary caretaker, her assumptions are wrong. If a mother was a primary caretaker of the child (i.e. father works while the mother stays at home) that does not give her any more parental rights than the father and vice versa. One of the reason’s a divorce could be happening is due to the mother’s neglect of the child while the father was away. Going with the current logic of the court official, the neglectful mother would be given the child, due to previous caretaking. The issue is that is not just an isolated problem, many places all over experience this issue, and it’s met with no resistance. The correct part of the quote is true, a mother can work while the father stays at home and vice versa. If this was the case she would not, and should not be penalized. The problem with this all is nothing is being done. Even though the mass public outrage, and people standing up against bias, places like the Supreme Court fail to do anything to prevent further discrimination. â€Å"No case so clearly prohibits consideration of sex in custody cases. It should be noted, however, that there was a potential gender issue in Palmore that received no attention from the Supreme Court. It appears that Linda began cohabiting with Clarence before they were married.† (Katherine Bartlett) This case Is well known because it enforced and helped prove the clear gender bias of sex without marriage; regardless of if the bias was on the female â€Å"Nothing more seems to have been made of this factor, either by the trial court or on review, but some courts have since noticed that mothers who cohabit outside of marriage, tend to be penalized in ways fathers who cohabit outside of marriage are not.† (Katherine Bartlett) While women face the same gender bi as in some ways, in the ways people tend to care about (who gets the child, who pays fees, etc.) is where men get overlooked in quality. This quote is important because if it’s known and documented of a clear gender bias, why hasn’t the Supreme Court stepped in and introduced better legislation and guidelines to prevent further bias? The problem is old legislation, and the refusal to make a change. A currently former Supreme Court judge Antonin Scalia was quoted as saying the constitution does not dis-allow gender bias.   While not true, a Supreme Court judge, who supposedly should be speaking for the constitution, should not help spread and promote miss-information. On top of that, he was never corrected or reprimanded.   The only consequence of that action was ‘bad press’. This quote not only helps smaller local courts continue their bias but miss-informs them that they are acting legally.   Better legislation and better education for judges need t o be passed before anything can be done. And while there are many arguments that women also face these problems (and while that may be true) the problem it’s usually the men. Women are given more chances and exceptions than the men. Several document court cases have shown that on average women are given more chances to earn money and pay it, should they be ordered to pay child support. This could either be the judge informing them of state opportunities like welfare and social security, unlike the men who usually are faced with arrest threats or an actual arrest. Another idea in the system is that the reason they are in family court is often due to the father being unfit in the first place (I.e Domestic violence, threats, abuse). This is an obvious oversight into a small population of the people.   More often than not it’s just a case of a family not working well together, and no actual abuse or crimes have taken place. On top of that, when it comes to dishing out child support, the mother will likely have t he advantage; also awarded more money â€Å"In spring 1992, about one-half (6.2 million) of the 11.5 million custodial parents were awarded child support; award rates were higher for mothers than for fathers (56 percent compared with 41 percent)† (U.S. Department of Commerce) Overall, when it comes to dealing with the family courts, men are less likely to win custody of their own children. Those who have a chance at it, are often met with extreme legal fees more so than the mother. Women are often seen as a child’s protector so in the eyes of the court they are usually seen as the fit parent right from the start. It has also been noted that men’s job status and living situation is looked into more than the women’s. This is due to the assumption that women get more government aid to assist them than men; this not being true but is still a common misconception. Inequality in the courts has been taking place ever since they have been around. The problem isn’t that they refuse to acknowledge it, the problem is it’s acknowledged and yet nothing is done about it today. Works Cited: Elizabeth S. Scott.   Pluralism, Parental Preference, and Child Custody Berkley Scholarship Law,  Ã‚   May 1992 Nancy Shannon. Custody Relocation Case Study: A Judge’s Ruling on Moving Out Of State Cordell Cordell Divorce Lawyer  Ã‚  Ã‚   May 2014 U.S. Department of Commerce. Who Receives Child Support? Economics and Statistics Administration. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS  Ã‚  Ã‚   June 1995 Tina Griego. Locking up parents for not paying child support can be a modern-day ‘debtor’s prison’  Ã‚  Ã‚   September 26, 2014 Lindsay R. Estep.   Mommy or Daddy?: Perceived Gender Bias and Court Awarded Custodial Guardianship April 27, 2011 Katherine Bartlett. Comparing race and sex discrimination in custody cases Duke Law EDU